Diabetes Mellitus
By Dr. Elvie Victonette B. Razon-Gonzalez
Sinasabing 4.1% o humigit kumulang na 2.5 milyong mga Pilipino ang may diabetes mellitus ngayon. Ang diabetes ay isang uri ng sakit sa lapay o pancreas, ang bahagi ng katawan na gumagawa ng insulin, isang uri ng hormone na nagpapababa ng asukal sa dugo.
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term condition that lasts a lifetime which affects your body's capability to use the energy provided in food. There are three major : or juvenile diabetes, type 2 diabetes or the non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and diabetes in the pregnant women or gestational diabetes.
Mayroong dalawang klase ng diabetes: Type 1 at Type 2. Sa Type 1 diabetes, wala o hindi sapat ang insulin na nagmumula sa lapay kung kaya’t ang gamot dito ay ang pag-inject ng insulin. Pangkaraniwan nada-diagnose ito sa mga bata at mga young adults. Sa Type 2 diabetes naman, sapat ang insulin mula sa lapay ngunit hindi nito nagagampanan ang trabahong pababain ang asukal sa dugo. Mas pangkaraniwan ang Type 2 diabetes sa mga African American, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians at Pacific Islanders.
Ang mga simtomas ng Type 1 diabetes ay ang pag-ihi nang madalas, palaging nauuhaw at nagugutom, pagpayat at pagkapagod. Sa Type 2 diabetes naman, maari ring magkaroon ng mga simtomas katulad sa Type 1 diabetes. Ang mga karagdagang simtomas sa Type 2 diabetes ay ang mga sumusunod: madalas na pagkakaroon ng impeksiyon, panlalabo ng paningin, pagkakaroon ng mga sugat at pasa na matagal maghilom, pagkakaroon ng pamamanhid o pakiramdam na tinutusok sa kamay at paa.
Hinihinalang ang dahilan ng pagtaas ng diabetes sa mga Pilipino ay ang “unhealthy lifestyle” na karaniwan sa ating ngayon: ang pagkain sa mga fast food o pagkain ng mga processed food, ang pagkakaroon ng sedentary lifestyle o ang hindi pagkilos o pagehersisyo, at ang pagkawalang bahala sa timbang o weight gain.
Ayon sa mga pag-aaral, ang isang tao ay ipinanganak na may potensyal na magkaroon ng diabetes. Ang mga risk factors na nabanggit ay siyang nagsisilbing trigger lamang sa tuluyang pagkakaroon nito.
Ugaliing kumain nang tama, regular na mag-ehersisyo at panatiliing normal ang iyong timbang para makaiwas sa diabetes. Kung ikaw naman ay nakarararanas ng alin sa mga simtomas nito, kumonsulta agad sa duktor upang sumailalim ng fasting blood sugar test.
Cause
There is one common factor among the types of diabetes. Normally, as you take in food, the body breaks down the carbohydrates and sugars found in them into glucose. Glucose is responsible for fueling the cells in your body. But a hormone called insulin is needed by the cells in order to capture glucose and use it for energy. In diabetes mellitus, what happens is not enough insulin is made by the body, it can't utilize the insulin it produces, or a combination of both. The blood is filled with glucose since the cells cannot facilitate taking them in to become energy. This is where high levels of blood glucose come in which can damage the minute blood vessels in the kidneys, eyes, heart, or nervous system. The complications if diabetes if left untreated will be stroke, heart disease, blindness, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
Signs and Symptoms
The level of elevation of blood sugar affects the presence of symptoms in diabetes. Some people initially may not experience symptoms as seen in those with Type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms present immediately and are usually more severe. Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are: excessive thirst, frequency in urination, hunger which is extreme, unexplained weight loss, presence of urine ketones, weakness, irritability, blurring of vision, frequent infections.
Treatment
Keeping the blood glucose at normal levels is the objective of diabetes management. Some of the things to be done to achieve the goal is through creating a physical activity and managing the diet. These are the first steps in helping the blood sugar lower. Insulin injections may also be required for people with diabetes mellitus. This helps in maintaining their glucose level to a safe one for the whole day. There are also oral medications which have different mechanisms of action. They improve the body’s insulin in its effectivity, some reduce the production of blood sugar, some promote production of more insulin and deter the absorption of blood sugar. They are sometimes used in combination with insulin.
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